New data from the International Transport Workers’ Federation (ITF) reveals abandonment of seafarers by ship-owners increased by 87% in 2024 from the previous year.
The abandonment of seafarers is spiralling out of control, increasing nearly two-fold with 3,133 seafarers abandoned by ship-owners in 2024 compared to 1,676 in 2023.
A total 312 vessels were abandoned last year compared to 132 vessels in 2023 – a staggering 136% increase. Twenty-eight ships were also responsible for abandoning multiple crews in the same year, with three vessels reported three times and 25 reported twice.
An ITF report, submitted to the International Maritime Organization (IMO), details the skyrocketing increase in the reported abandonment, and highlights the failure of the Flags of Convenience’ system that is central to ongoing impunity for abuses of seafarers’ rights.
Abandoned seafarers can experience months of unpaid wages, extremely poor on-board conditions, inadequate food and clean drinking water, and long periods of work without proper rest. In some cases, they are left completely stranded for months – even years – on end.
The lack of enforcement and responsiveness from flag and port states, the lack of insurance for vessels, and shipowners refusing to accept that they are mistreating their crew are common factors that contribute to abandonment and complicate the resolution of cases.
Steve Trowsdale, ITF Global Inspectorate Coordinator, said: “2024 was the worst year on record for seafarer abandonment.
“90% of global trade takes place through maritime transport and seafarers are the backbone of this industry. It’s an absolute disgrace that unscrupulous ship-owners are abandoning so many crews with impunity by governments and international regulators. This is nothing less than a betrayal of the key workers of global trade.”
Sanjay* is one of these seafarers. Stranded onboard a tug without pay for 15 of the 29 months he’s been onboard, he’s seen three different crews come and go – each crew has left the vessel unpaid.
“All I’ve had are false promises that I will be paid and allowed to leave,” he said. “I keep working despite everything because I don’t want the crew to suffer, and I am the only engineer onboard. But I’m losing hope as each day passes.”
Sanjay is owed around $40,000 – money which is vital for his family as the only earning member. He has been forced to sell his family heirlooms to make ends meet back home.
“I haven’t told my family about what’s happened to me, I don’t want them to worry,” he explained.
Sanjay is one of the 899 Indian seafarers abandoned by ship-owners last year. They remain the largest cohort of those stranded at sea, followed by 410 Syrians, 288 Ukrainians, 273 Filipinos and 192 Indonesians. A total $20.1 million is owed to seafarers in unpaid wages, of which the ITF has recovered $10.4 million so far.
The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is the Port State of choice for vessel abandonments, accounting for 42 in 2024 (the second-highest port state for abandonment was Türkiye with 25 vessels). Dubai has become one of the fastest growing hubs for the maritime industry over the last five years. Lower taxes, cost of living and housing are proving attractive to ship owners, brokers and managers, shipping banks, shipping lawyers, and freight traders alike.
Free Trade Zones across the UAE (of which there are 46) are also helping to attract global companies with incentives like tax exemptions and streamlined customs procedures. But the lack of regulation is leaving more and more seafarers stranded, with vessels owned or managed by UAE companies also responsible for the largest proportion of all abandonments.
Flags of Convenience
Ninety percent of abandoned vessels in 2024 sailed under a flag of convenience.
While Panama remains the flag with the most abandonments (43), there are a number of other flag states with a stark increase in cases. Palau (37), Tanzania (30), Comoros (29), Cameroon (20) and Bahrain (16) all recorded double figures in 2024. Alarmingly, twenty cases were reported on vessels on which there was no flag, or a flag could not be identified, more than doubling the number of cases in this category.
Stephen Cotton, ITF’s General Secretary, said: “The scandalous rise in reported cases of seafarer abandonment exposes the ugly truth of an industry which has relied on unchecked exploitative practices and lack of global regulation for far too long. But the solution lies in plain sight: better regulation, enforcement and accountability from governments.
“By reporting so many cases, seafarers are sending a clear message. They’ve had enough of being treated like slaves. The industry must wake up and take robust action. Those responsible must be held to account and punished. Anything less gives a green light to these appalling abuses of fundamental labour and human rights.”
*Sanjay's name has been changed to protect his identity. Seafarers fear reprisals and blacklisting by employers for speaking out.
ENDS
Media contact: Rosalyn Smith, smith_rosalyn@itf.org.uk, +44 7522 229623
Notes to editors
The Maritime Labour Convention, 2006 (MLC) states that abandonment occurs when a shipowner;
- fails to cover the cost of the seafarer’s repatriation; or
- has left the seafarer without the necessary maintenance and support; or
- has otherwise unilaterally severed their ties with the seafarer including failure to pay contractual wages for a period of at least two months’
Breakdown of figures:
The ITF abandonment report 2024 was submitted to the IMO on Friday 17 January 2025.
Abandonment by vessel (year on year)
2020: 85; 2021: 95; 2022: 118; 2023: 132; 2024: 312
Number of seafarers:
3,133 abandoned seafarers contacted the ITF for support in 2024
Nationality
India: 899; Syria: 410; Ukraine: 288; Philippines: 273; Indonesia: 192; Egypt: 142; Georgia: 136; Myanmar: 133
Flag state
253 of the 312 abandoned vessels are sailing under a flag of convenience (81.09%)
Panama: 43; Palau: 37; Tanzania: 30; Comoros: 29; Cameroon: 20; Unknown: 20; Bahrain: 16; Togo: 9; St. Kitts: 9; Vanuatu: 8
Wages
$20.1 million is owed to seafarers in unpaid wages (The ITF has recovered $8.9 million so far)
General cargo ships are the most reported abandoned vessel (30% of all vessels - 93)
Where ships were abandoned:
Middle East: 108 (top country where abandonment happened in region: UAE, 42); Europe: 74 (top country where abandonment happened in region: Türkiye, 25); Asia Pacific: 62 (top country where abandonment happened in region: India, 13); Africa: 34 (top country where abandonment happened in region: Djibouti, 9); Latin America & Caribbean: 19 (top country where abandonment happened in region: Brazil, 5); North America: 8 (top country where abandonment happened in region: USA, 6); Reported at sea: 7
Flags of Convenience
- The ITF’s Flags of Convenience list can be found here. For more information on the ITFs’ campaign on this issue – first launched in Oslo in 1948 – see here.
- Under international law, ships must be registered with a single country, even though they often operate in international waters. The United Nations (UN) Convention on the Law of the Sea states that there must be a “genuine link” between the ship and the flag state. In reality, ‘genuine links’ between ships and flags often fail to exist.
- A ‘flag of convenience’ vessel is one that flies the flag of a country other than the country of ownership, at the same time adopting the regulations set down by that flag. The origins of the system lie in the United America Line using the Panama flag to circumvent prohibition in the 1920s.
- Flags of convenience offer countries without their own shipping industry a way to make easy money. The country can set up ship a registry and charge fees to shipowners, while having reduced standards for crew safety and welfare and often failing to live up to the responsibilities of a genuine flag state. The real ship owner (what the ITF calls the ‘beneficial owner’) benefits from having their identity hidden and adopting the often poor regulatory standards of the flag, which can also include no restriction on the nationality of a crew. In many cases, these flags are not even run from the country concerned.
About the ITF: The International Transport Workers’ Federation (ITF) is a democratic, affiliate-led federation recognised as the world’s leading transport authority. We fight passionately to improve working lives, connecting trade unions from over 150 countries to secure rights, equality and justice for their members. We are the voice for nearly 16.5 million working women and men in the transport industry across the world.
